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Levosimendan



Levosimendan
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(-)-(R)-(4-(4-methyl-6-oxo-
1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazin-3-yl)phenyl)
carbonohydrazonoyl dicyanide
Identifiers
CAS number 141505-33-1
ATC code C01CX08
PubChem 3033825
DrugBank APRD01296
Chemical data
Formula C14H12N6O 
Mol. mass 280.28
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 85% (oral)
Metabolism hepatic
Half life 1 hour
Excretion renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

no data

Legal status

Prescription only

Routes IV

Levosimendan (INN) (pronounced /ˌliːvoʊsaɪˈmɛndən/) is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure. It is marketed under the trade name Simdax (Abbott).

Contents

Mode of action

Levosimendan is a calcium sensitiser – it increases the sensitivity of the heart to calcium, thus increasing cardiac contractility without a rise in intracellular calcium. Levosimendan exerts its positive inotropic effect by increasing calcium sensitivity of myocytes by binding to cardiac troponin C in a calcium-dependent manner. It also has a vasodilatory effect, by opening adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle to cause smooth muscle relaxation. The combined inotropic and vasodilatory actions result in an increased force of contraction, decreased preload and decreased afterload. Moreover, by opening also the mitochondrial (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels in cardiomyocytes, the drug exerts a cardioprotective effect.

Clinical use

Indications

Levosimendan is indicated for inotropic support in acutely-decompensated severe congestive heart failure.

Some of the Phase-III studies in the extensive clinical program were the trials LIDO (200 patients), RUSSLAN (500), CASINO (250), REVIVE-I (100), REVIVE-II (600) and finally SURVIVE (1350)[1] , a head-to-head trial between levosimendan and dobutamine in acute decompensated heart failure. In total, the clinical data base includes more than 3500 patients in Phase IIb and III double-blind studies, which is the highest number ever in testing a drug for acute decompensated heart failure.

The drug has a marketing authorization in 48 countries (Aug 9, 2007).

Contraindications

The use of levosimendan is contraindicated in patients with: moderate-to-severe renal impairment, severe hepatic impairment, severe ventricular filling or outflow obstruction, severe hypotension and tachycardia, and/or history of torsades de pointes.[2]

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of patients) associated with levosimendan therapy include: headache, hypotension, arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, extrasystoles, atrial tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia), myocardial ischaemia, hypokalaemia and/or nausea (Rossi, 2006).

Formulations

Levosimendan is marketed as a 2.5 mg/mL concentrated solution for IV infusion. The concentrate is diluted with glucose 5% solution before infusion.

References

  1. ^ Mebazaa, A; Nieminen MS, Packer M, Cohen-Solal, Kleber FX, Pocock SJ, Thakkar R, Padley RJ, Poder P, Kivikko M for the SURVIVE investigators (2007). "Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure". JAMA 297 (17): 1883-91.
  2. ^ Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006.
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Levosimendan". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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