15-05-2013 | Dow JM; Gabel F; Sargent F; Palmer T, Biochemical Journal, 2013

The Tat (twin-arginine translocation) system is a protein targeting pathway utilized by prokaryotes and chloroplasts. Tat substrates are produced with distinctive N-terminal signal peptides and are translocated as fully folded proteins. In Escherichia coli, Tat-dependent proteins often ...

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07-05-2013 | Shankarling G; Lynch K, Biochemical Journal, 2013

Understanding functional distinctions between related splicing regulatory proteins is critical to deciphering tissue-specific control of alternative splicing. The hnRNP L and hnRNP LL proteins are paralogues that have overlapping but distinct expression patterns and functional consequences. ...

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15-04-2013 | Khan SA; Rossi AM; Riley AM; Potter BVL; Taylor CW, Biochemical Journal, 2013

IP3R (IP3 [inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate] receptors) and ryanodine receptors are the most widely expressed intracellular Ca2+ channels and both are regulated by thiol reagents. In DT40 cells stably expressing single subtypes of mammalian IP3R, low concentrations of thimerosal (also known as ...

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10-04-2013 | Scudieri P; Sondo E; Caci E; Ravazzolo R; Galietta L, Biochemical Journal, 2013

TMEM16A and TMEM16B proteins are Ca2+ activated Cl- channels (CaCCs) with eight putative transmembrane segments. As shown previously, expression of TMEM16B generates CaCCs characterized by a ten-fold lower Ca2+ affinity and by faster activation and deactivation kinetics with respect to ...

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08-04-2013 | Tatham M; Plechanovov{a} A; Jaffray E; Salmen H; Hay R, Biochemical Journal, 2013

The covalent attachment of the protein ubiquitin to intracellular proteins by a process known as ubiquitylation regulates almost all major cellular systems, predominantly by regulating protein turnover. Ubiquitylation requires the coordinated action of three enzymes termed E1, E2 and E3, and ...

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04-04-2013 | Foley K; Young P, Biochemical Journal, 2013

The non-muscle α-actinin isoforms (actinin-1 and -4) are closely related, dimeric actin filament-crosslinking proteins. Despite high sequence similarity, unique properties have been ascribed to actinin-4 in particular. For example, actinin-4, but not actinin-1, is essential for normal ...

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04-04-2013 | Gantke T; Boussouf S; Janzen J; Morrice N; Howell S; M{u}hlberger E; Ley S, Biochemical Journal, 2013

Activation of Protein Kinase R (PKR) by DNA plasmids decreases translation, and limits the amount of recombinant protein produced by transiently transfected HEK-293 cells. Co-expression with Ebola virus VP35, which blocked plasmid activation of PKR, substantially increased production of ...

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01-04-2013 | Tasdelen I; van Beekum O; Gorbenko O; Fleskens V; van den Broek NJF; Koppen A; Hamers N; Berger R; Coffer PJ; Brenkm ..., Biochemical Journal, 2013

Reversible phosphorylation is a widespread molecular mechanism to regulate the function of cellular proteins, including transcription factors. Phosphorylation of the nuclear receptor PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) at two conserved serine residue (Ser112 and Ser273) ...

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01-04-2013 | Ohta A; Schumacher F-R; Mehellou Y; Johnson C; Knebel A; Macartney TJ; Wood NT; Alessi DR; Kurz T, Biochemical Journal, 2013

The WNK (with no lysine kinase)-SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase)/OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) signalling pathway plays an important role in controlling mammalian blood pressure by modulating the activity of ion co-transporters in the kidney. Recent studies have ...

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01-04-2013 | Reddington JP; Pennings S; Meehan RR, Biochemical Journal, 2013

Methylation of the cytosine base in DNA, DNA methylation, is an essential epigenetic mark in mammals that contributes to the regulation of transcription. Several advances have been made in this area in recent years, leading to a leap forward in our understanding of how this pathway ...

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