Black Prince's Ruby

  The Black Prince's Ruby is actually a bead-shaped spinel weighing roughly 170 carats (34 g) that is the size of a chicken egg. It is currently set in the cross pattée above the 317.40 carat (63.48 g) Cullinan II in the front of the Imperial State Crown. The Black Prince's Ruby is one of the oldest of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, with a known history dating back to the middle of the 14th century and having been in the possession of the British kings since it was given in 1367 to its namesake, Edward of Woodstock (the "Black Prince").

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Spinel

Until fairly modern times, all red gemstones were referred to as "rubies". It was only relatively recently that the rarer spinel has been differentiated from the more common ruby. The two gemstones can be distinguished on the basis of hardness and density, namely that a ruby is slightly harder and denser than a spinel. The two stones can also be told apart by their optical properties: a true ruby is dichroic while a spinel is singly refractive.

History

Don Pedro of Seville

The Black Prince's Ruby enters the "stage of history" in middle of the 14th century as the possession of Abu Said, the Moorish Prince of Granada. At that time, the rule of Castillian Spain was being centralized to Seville and the Moorish Kingdom of Granada was being systematically attacked and reverted to Spanish rule as a part of the Christian Reconquest of Spain. Abu Said in particular was confronted by the belligerency of nascent Castile under the rule of Pedro of Castile, also known to history as Don Pedro the Cruel. According to historical accounts, Abu Said wished to surrender to Don Pedro, but the conditions he offered were unclear. What is clear is that Don Pedro welcomed his coming to Seville. It is recorded that he greatly desired Abu Said's wealth. When Abu Said met with Don Pedro, the Don had Said's servants killed and may have personally stabbed Said to death himself. Upon searching Said's corpse, the spinel was found and added to Don Pedro's possessions.

In 1366, Don Pedro's illegitimate brother led a revolt against Don Pedro. Lacking the power to put down the revolt unaided, Don Pedro made an alliance with the Black Prince. The revolt was successfully put down and the Black Prince demanded Abu Said's ruby in exchange for the services he had rendered. While historians speculate that this was contrary to Don Pedro's desires, he had just suffered a costly civil war and was in no position to decline. It can be assumed that The Black Prince took the Ruby back to England, although it is absent from historical records until 1415.

A wartime adornment

During Henry V of England's campaign in France, he wore a gem-encrusted helmet that included the Black Prince's Ruby. On October 25, 1415, in the Battle of Agincourt, Henry was struck a blow to the head by the French Duke of Alençon's battleaxe and nearly lost the helmet, along with his life. However, the Battle of Agincourt was won by Henry's forces, Henry did not die, and the helmet was preserved along with the Black Prince's Ruby. Richard III is reported to have also worn the Black Prince's Ruby in his helmet at the Battle of Bosworth Field where he died.

Crown jewel

James I had the Black Prince's Ruby set into the state crown near the turn of the 16th century, where it remained until the time of Oliver Cromwell. With the exception of The Coronation Chair, Cromwell had all of the Crown Jewels disassembled and sold, having the metal melted down and made into coin. A British jeweller bought the Black Prince's Ruby in the days of the Commonwealth, but sold it back to the crown (Charles II) when the monarchy was restored in 1660.

References

• International Art Treasures Web Magazine : October 2003. "England's Crown Jewels". Retrieved April 17, 2005.
• Ryan Thompson's Famous Diamonds Page. "The Cullinan Diamonds". Retrieved April 17, 2005.
• Gemcal: Gems from the Far East. "Spinel Story". Retrieved April 17, 2005.
• The World of Famous Diamonds. "The Black Prince's Ruby on the front of the Imperial State Crown", bottom of page.
• Elizabeth Orpen; "Famous Rubies" "The Black Prince's Ruby 27 pages long history.