Paul Kirk

This article is about the chemist. For the DC Comics character, see Manhunter (comics)#Paul Kirk.

Paul Leland Kirk (May 9, 1902 – June 5, 1970^[1][2]) was a chemist, forensic scientist and participant in the Manhattan Project who was specialized in microscopy. He also investigated the bedroom in which Sam Sheppard supposedly murdered his wife and provided the key blood spatter evidence that led to Sheppard's acquittal in a retrial over 12 years after the murder. The highest honor one can receive in the criminalistics section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences carries Kirk's name.^[3]

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Education

Kirk was educated at a variety of universities. He received his Bachelor's degree in chemistry from Ohio State University and got his Masters degree in chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh.^[3] He went on to receive a Ph.D. in biochemistry from UC Berkeley.^[4]

Career

In 1929 Kirk became professor of biochemistry at UC Berkeley. According to Kirk, he first became interested in forensic science in his early days as a teacher after a student asked if it could be determined if a dog had died of poisoning. Forensic science permanently piqued his interest when authorities asked him to do a microscopic examination of a rape victim's clothing. He found fibers from the attacker's shirt and this evidence resulted in a conviction. In 1937, Kirk became leader of UC Berkeley's criminology program. Due to his extensive experience in microscopy, Kirk was asked to join the Manhattan Project where he worked on the process to isolate fissionable plutonium from 1942 to 1945. When he returned to Berkeley, he created a major in technical criminology and when August Vollmer established the school of criminology, Kirk was appointed to chair the criminalistics department.^[3]

Kirk was also an avid supporter of Locard's exchange principle. As a result of his detailed descriptions of the principle, Kirk's words have repeatedly been mistaken for those of Edmond Locard himself. Unlike others before him, Kirk understood the limits of the principle and argued for caution in the interpretation of exchange evidence.^[3]

Kirk is best known for his work in the Sam Sheppard case. On January 22, 1955 – one month after Sheppard's conviction – Kirk visited the scene of the crime after which he wrote an extensive report primarily based on bloodstain pattern analysis. A motion for a retrial had been denied in 1955, but this decision was overturned in 1964 and in 1966, the Supreme Court upheld the decision for a retrial. Later that same year, Kirk testified at the retrial, which led to Sheppard's acquittal. Kirk's testimony embarrassed Samuel Gerber, a senior member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) who was working for the prosecution and believed in Sheppard's guilt. Kirk was denied AAFS membership, but he still left his mark on the organization. The highest honor awarded in the criminalistics section of the AAFS is the Paul L. Kirk Award.^[3]

Bibliography

Not only did Kirk publish around 250 articles in multiple fields of research ranging from biochemistry to criminalistics; he also contributed articles to the Encyclopaedia Britannica and he was the author of the following books.^[1]

• Quantitative Ultramicroanalysis (1950)
• Density and Refrective Index: Their Applications in Criminal Identification (1951)
• Crime Investigation: Physical Evidence and the Police Laboratory Interscience (1953)^[5]
• Fire Investigation (1969)^[5]
• The Crime Laboratory (1965), co-written with Lowell W. Bradford

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Paul Leland Kirk". The National Cyclopedia of American Biographies 56. (1975). Clifton, New Jersey: James T. White & Company. 490-491. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. 
2. ^ ^{a b} U.S. Social Security Death Index information from Michigan State University website (Retrieved March 11, 2007).
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Chisum, W. Jerry; Brent E. Turvey (October 27 2006). "Chapter 1: A History of Crime Reconstruction", Crime Reconstruction. Academic Press, 28-33. ISBN 978-0-12-369375-4. 
4. ^ Selected Testimony of Doctor Paul Kirk in Sam Sheppard's 1966 Murder Trial. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.; taken from: Paul Holmes, Retrial: Murder and Dr. Sam Sheppard (1966)
5. ^ ^{a b} DeHaan, John D.; Paul Leland Kirk (1996). Fire Investigation (4th edition). Prentice Hall Health, flap. ISBN 978-0835950565.