This table was originally provided by Stevie Famulari for her students at the University of New Mexico Landscape Architecture Department, for a phytoremediation project regarding the drainage canyon of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, New Mexico. It has now grown into three sections.
This section covers mainly some toxic metals and informations on the plants used for their remediation.
Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products[5]; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix)[6]; Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[7]
Ag, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products[5]; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix)[6]; Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[7]
27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be gouverned by cobalt rather than copper[27].
Ag, Cr, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products[5]; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix)[6]; Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[7]
Cd, U, Zn[6]; Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.)[5]; Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[7]
1.9% of the total mass Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization[33].
Chara canescens Desv. & Lois
Muskgrass
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Muskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in muskgrass treated with selenate[34]. Low rates of Se volatilization from selenate-supplied muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of Se in muskgrass.
Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbures, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products[5]; Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis)[6]; Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[7]
Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens, but Thlaspi c. has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria[22]
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Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.
Reference sources and notes for the hyperaccumulators table
Notes
The references are so far mostly from academic trial papers, experiments and generally of exploration of that field.
Alpine pennycress or «Alpine Pennygrass» is found as «Alpine Pennycrest» in (some books).
Uranium's symbol is sometimes given as Ur instead of U. According to Ulrich Schmidt[6], plants' concentration of uranium is considerably increased by an application of citric acid, which solubilizes the Uranium (and other metals).
^ abcdefghijklmn [1] A Resource Guide: The Phytoremediation of Lead to Urban, Residential Soils. Site adapted from a report from Northwestern University written by Joseph L. Fiegl, Bryan P. McDonnell, Jill A. Kostel, Mary E. Finster, and Dr. Kimberly Gray
^ abcdefghijkl [2] Ulrich Schmidt, Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1939-1954 (2003)
^ abcdef [3] X.Z. Yu, P.H. Zhou and Y.M. Yang, The potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide complex by Willows. Ecotoxicology 2006.
^ [4] Junru Wang, Fang-Jie Zhao, Andrew A. Meharg, Andrea Raab, Joerg Feldmann, and Steve P. McGrath, Mechanisms of Arsenic Hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake Kinetics, Interactions with Phosphate, and Arsenic Speciation. Plant Physiol, November 2002, Vol. 130, pp. 1552-1561. 18 days' hydroponic experiment with varying concentrations of arsenate and P. Within 8 h, 50% to 78% of the As taken up is distributed to the fronds, which take from 1.3 to 6.7 times more As than the roots do. No P for 8 days increases the arsenate's maximum net influx by 2.5-fold; the plants then absorbs 10 times more arsenate than arsenite. If on the other hand the P supply is increased, As uptake decreases - with a greater effect on the roots than on the shoots. More arsenate decreases the P concentration in the roots, but not in the fronds. P in the uptake solution markedly decreases arsenate uptake. The presence or absence of P does not affect the uptake of arsenite, which translocates more easily than arsenate.
^
[5] C. Tu, L.Q. Ma and B. Bondada, Arsenic Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Chinese Brake and Its Utilization Potential for Phytoremediation. 'Plant Physiology' journal 138:461-469 (April 2005)
^ [6] Gui-Lan Duan, Y.-G. Zhu, Y.-P. Tong, C. Cai and R. Kneer, Characterization of Arsenate Reductase in the Extract of Roots and Fronds of Chinese Brake Fern, an Arsenic Hyperaccumulator. Plant Physiology 138:461-469 (2005). Yeast (Saccharomyces c.) has an arsenate reductase, Acr2p, that uses glutathione as the electron donor. Pteris vit. has an arsenate reductase with the same reaction mechanism, and the same substrate specificity and sensitivity toward inhibitors (P as a competitive inhibitor, arsenite as a noncompetitive inhibitor)
^ abcde [7] L.E. Bennetta, J.L. Burkheada, K.L. Halea, N. Terry, M. Pilona and E.A. H. Pilon-Smits. Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings.
^ abcdefg [10] T.A. Delorme, J.V. Gagliardi, J.S. Angle and R.L. Chaney. Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations. Conseil National de Recherches du Canada. Can. J. Microbiol./Rev. can. microbiol. 47(8): 773-776 (2001)
^ abcde [11] Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. Vol.17 no.1 Londrina Jan./Mar. 2005
^ abcdefg [12] E. Lombi, F.J. Zhao, S.J. Dunham et S.P. McGrath, Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction. Journal of Environmental Quality 30:1919-1926 (2001)
^ [13] R.S. Morrison, R.R. Brooks, R.D. Reeves and F. Malaisse. Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaïre. Plant and Soil, Volume 53, Number 4 / December, 1979
^ [14] R. R. Brooks, Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniustrum species.
^ ab [15] S.D. Siciliano, J.J. Germida, K. Banks and C. W. Greer, Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2003, p. 483-489, Vol. 69, No. 1
^ [16] Mark P. de Souza, Dara Chu, May Zhao, Adel M. Zayed, Steven E. Ruzin, Denise Schichnes, and Norman Terry, Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance Selenium Accumulation and Volatilization by Indian mustard, Plant Physiol. (1999) 119: 565-574
^ Average Se concentration of 22 µg L-1 supplied over a 24-d experimental period.
^ [17] Z.-Q. Lin, M.P. de Souza, I. J. Pickering and N. Terry. Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms. Journal of Environmental Quality 2002, 31:2104-2110