List of Kyoto Protocol signatories
Additional recommended knowledge
Signed and ratified
See also: Kyoto Protocol
As of November 2007, 174 states have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , aimed at combating global warming. The count on the UNFCCC list[1] [2] includes three extra parties:
Niue and Cook Islands are counted separately. These are self-governing islands, but are not independent from New Zealand.
In addition to its member states, the European Union is counted as a party to the Protocol.
Note: Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that an Annex I party (e.g. a developed country or one with an 'economy in transition') has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol. 37 of the 39 Annex I parties have agreed to cap their emissions in this way, two others are required to do so under their conditions of accession into the EU, and one more intends to become an Annex I party.
Country
UNFCCC
annex
% for ratification
reduction commitment for 2012[3]
Signed
Ratification/Acceptance
Notes
1 Fiji member 17 September 1998 17 September 1998
2 Antigua and Barbuda member 16 March 1998 3 November 1998
3 Tuvalu member 16 November 1998 16 November 1998
4 Maldives member 16 March 1998 30 December 1998
5 Turkmenistan member 28 September 1998 11 January 1999
6 Trinidad and Tobago member 7 January 1999 28 January 1999
7 Panama member 8 June 1998 5 March 1999
8 Bahamas member 9 April 1999
9 Georgia member 16 June 1999
10 Federated States of Micronesia member 17 March 1998 21 June 1999
11 Jamaica member 28 June 1999
12 Cyprus member 16 July 1999 -[4]
13 Paraguay member 25 August 1998 27 August 1999
14 Guatemala member 10 July 1998 5 October 1999
15 Uzbekistan member 20 November 1998 12 October 1999
16 Nicaragua member 7 July 1998 18 November 1999
17 Bolivia member 29 July 1998 30 November 1999
18 Palau member 10 December 1999
19 Mongolia member 15 December 1999
20 Ecuador member 15 January 1999 13 January 2000
21 El Salvador member 8 June 1998 13 January 2000
22 Honduras member 25 February 1999 19 July 2000
23 Barbados member 7 August 2000
24 Equatorial Guinea member 16 August 2000
25 Lesotho member 6 September 2000
26 Guinea member 7 September 2000
27 Kiribati member 7 September 2000
28 Mexico member 9 June 1998 7 September 2000
29 Azerbaijan member 28 September 2000
30 Samoa member 16 March 1998 27 November 2000
31 Uruguay member 29 July 1998 5 February 2001
32 Romania member I 1.24% -8%[5] 5 January 1999 19 March 2001
33 Mauritius member 9 May 2001
34 Gambia member 1 June 2001
35 Vanuatu member 17 July 2001
36 Senegal member 20 July 2001
37 Nauru member 16 August 2001
38 Argentina member 16 March 1998 28 September 2001
39 Burundi member 18 October 2001
40 Bangladesh member 22 October 2001
41 Malawi member 26 October 2001
42 Malta member -[4] 17 April 1998 11 November 2001
43 Czech Republic member I 1.24% -8%[5] 23 November 1998 15 November 2001
44 Colombia member 30 November 2001
45 Morocco member 25 January 2002
46 Dominican Republic member 12 February 2002
47 Benin member 25 February 2002
48 Djibouti member 12 March 2002
49 Uganda member 25 March 2002
50 Mali member 27 January 1999 28 March 2002
51 Papua New Guinea member 2 March 1999 28 March 2002
52 Cuba member 15 March 1999 30 April 2002
53 Iceland member I, II 0.02% +10%[6] 23 May 2002 55th entity (if counting with the Cook Islands and Niue), this fulfills the first condition for coming-into-force
54 Norway member I, II 0.26% +1%[6] 29 April 1998 30 May 2002
-- European Union member[7] I, II 31.68% -8%[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 All ratifications of the then-EU-members are deposited simultaneously (see 55-70)
55 Austria member I, II 0.4% -8% (-13%)[5] 24 September 1998 31 May 2002
56 Belgium member I, II 0.8% -8% (-7.5%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
57 Denmark member I, II 0.4% -8% (-21%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 Greenland: applied Faroe Islands: not applied
58 Finland member I, II 0.4% -8% (0%)[5] [8] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
59 France member I, II 2.7% -8% (0%)[5] [8] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion: applied French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied
60 Germany member I, II 7.4% -8% (-21%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
61 Greece member I, II 0.6% -8% (+25%),[5] [6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
62 Ireland member I, II 0.2% -8% (+13%),[5] [6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
63 Italy member I, II 3.1% -8% (-6.5%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
64 Luxembourg member I, II 0.1% -8% (-28%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
65 Netherlands member I, II 1.2% -8% (-6%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 Aruba: not applied Netherlands Antilles: not applied
66 Portugal member I, II 0.3% -8% (+27%),[5] [6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
67 Spain member I, II 1.9% -8% (+15%),[5] [6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
68 Sweden member I, II 0.4% -8% (+4%),[5] [6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
69 United Kingdom member I, II 4.3% -8% (-12.5%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
70 Slovakia member I 0.42% -8%[5] 26 February 1998 31 May 2002
71 Japan member I, II 8.55% -6% 28 April 1998 4 June 2002
72 Latvia member I 0.17% -8% 14 December 1998 5 July 2002
73 Seychelles member 20 March 1998 22 July 2002
74 South Africa member 31 July 2002
75 Slovenia member I -[9] -8%[5] 21 October 1998 2 August 2002
76 Grenada member 6 August 2002
77 Costa Rica member 27 April 1998 9 August 2002
78 Bulgaria member I 0.6% -8%[5] 18 September 1998 15 August 2002
79 Hungary member I 0.52% -6%[5] 21 August 2002
80 Cambodia member 22 August 2002
81 Brazil member 29 April 1998 23 August 2002
82 Bhutan member 26 August 2002
83 Chile member 17 June 1998 26 August 2002
84 India member 26 August 2002
85 Tanzania member 26 August 2002
86 Cameroon member 28 August 2002
87 Thailand member 2 February 1999 28 August 2002
88 China member 29 May 1998 30 August 2002 Hong Kong: applied since April 8 2003 Macau: not applied
89 Sri Lanka member 3 September 2002
90 Malaysia member 12 March 1999 4 September 2002
91 Peru member 13 November 1998 12 September 2002
92 Vietnam member 3 December 1998 25 September 2002
93 Estonia member I 0.28% -8%[5] 3 December 1998 14 October 2002
94 Liberia member 5 November 2002
95 South Korea member 25 September 1998 8 November 2002
96 Poland member I 3.02% -6%[5] 15 July 1998 13 December 2002
97 Canada member I, II 3.33% -6% 29 April 1998 17 December 2002
98 New Zealand member[10] I, II 0.19% 0%[8] 22 May 1998 19 December 2002 Niue: signed 8 December 1998, ratified 6 May 1999 Cook Islands: signed 16 September 1998, ratified 27 August 2001 Tokelau: not applied
99 Lithuania member I -[9] -8%[5] 21 September 1998 3 January 2003
100 Jordan member 17 January 2003
101 Tunisia member 22 January 2003
102 Laos member 6 February 2003
103 Solomon Islands member 29 September 1998 13 March 2003
104 Moldova member 22 April 2003
105 Armenia member 25 April 2003
106 Kyrgyzstan member 13 May 2003
107 Ghana member 30 May 2003
108 Switzerland member I, II 0.32% -8% 16 March 1998 9 July 2003
109 Guyana member 5 August 2003
110 Botswana member 8 August 2003
111 Marshall Islands member 17 March 1998 11 August 2003
112 Burma member 13 August 2003
113 Saint Lucia member 16 March 1998 20 August 2003
114 Namibia member 4 September 2003
115 Madagascar member 24 September 2003
116 Belize member 26 September 2003
117 Philippines member 15 April 1998 20 November 2003
118 Israel member 16 December 1998 15 March 2004
119 Ukraine member I -[9] 0%[8] 15 March 1999 12 April 2004
120 Togo member 2 July 2004
121 Rwanda member 22 July 2004
122 Yemen member 15 September 2004
123 Niger member 23 October 1998 30 September 2004
124 Sudan member 2 November 2004
125 Russia member I 17.4% 0%[8] 11 March 1999 18 November 2004 With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty brought into force, effective 16 February 2005.
126 Republic of Macedonia member 18 November 2004
127 Indonesia member 13 July 1998 3 December 2004
128 Liechtenstein member I 0.0015% -8% 29 June 1998 3 December 2004
129 Nigeria member 10 December 2004
130 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines member 19 March 1998 31 December 2004
131 Pakistan member 11 January 2005
132 Qatar member 11 January 2005
133 Egypt member 15 March 1999 12 January 2005
134 Mozambique member 18 January 2005
135 Oman member 19 January 2005
136 Dominica member 25 January 2005
137 United Arab Emirates member 26 January 2005
138 Saudi Arabia member 31 January 2005
139 Algeria member 16 February 2005
140 Venezuela member 18 February 2005
141 Kenya member 25 February 2005
142 Kuwait member 11 March 2005
143 Democratic Republic of the Congo member 23 March 2005
144 Burkina Faso member 31 March 2005
145 Albania member 1 April 2005
146 Ethiopia member 14 April 2005
147 North Korea member 27 April 2005
148 Haiti member 6 July 2005
149 Mauritania member 22 July 2005
150 Eritrea member 28 July 2005
151 Iran member 22 August 2005
152 Belarus member I -[9] none yet[11] 26 August 2005
153 Nepal member 16 September 2005
154 Guinea-Bissau member 18 November 2005
155 Swaziland member 13 January 2006
156 Syria member 27 January 2006
157 Bahrain member 31 January 2006
158 Cape Verde member 10 February 2006
159 Monaco member I 0.0015% -8% 29 April 1998 27 February 2006
160 Singapore member 12 April 2006
161 Zambia member August 5 1998 July 7 2006
162 Libya member August 24 2006
163 Suriname member September 25 2006
164 Sierra Leone member November 10 2006
165 Lebanon member November 13 2006
166 Gabon member December 12 2006
167 Congo member February 12 2007
168 Bosnia and Herzegovina member April 16 2007
169 Côte d'Ivoire member April 23 2007
170 Croatia member I -[9] -5% March 11 1999 April 27 2007
171 Angola member May 8 2007
172 Montenegro observer June 4 2007
173 Serbia member September 24 2007
174 Australia member I, II 2.1% +8%[6] April 29 1998 December 3 2007
total countries: members: 173 observers: 1 I: 37 II: 21 32 -%: 31 (24) 0%: 3 (5) +%: 2 (7)
Signed but not yet ratified
Country
UNFCCC
annex
% for ratification
reduction target 2008/12
Signed
Ratification/Acceptance
Notes
Kazakhstan member [12] -[13] none yet[14] March 12 1999
total countries: members: 1 observers: 0
Not intending to ratify
Country
UNFCCC
annex
% for ratification
reduction target 2008/12
Signed
Ratification/Acceptance
Notes
United States member I, II 36.1% -7% November 12 1998 Federal government has not ratified
total countries: members: 1 observers: 0 I: 1 II: 1 1 -%: 1 0%: 0 +%: 0
No position expressed yet
Entity
UNFCCC
annex
% for ratification
reduction target 2008/12
Signed
Ratification/Acceptance
Notes
1 Afghanistan member
2 Andorra observer
3 Brunei observer
4 Central African Republic member
5 Chad member
6 Comoros member
7 Iraq observer
8 Republic of China (Taiwan)
9 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
10 Saint Kitts and Nevis member
11 San Marino member
12 São Tomé and Príncipe member
13 Somalia observer
14 Tajikistan member
15 Timor-Leste member
16 Tonga member
17 Turkey member I, -[15] -[9] none yet[11]
18 Vatican City observer
19 Zimbabwe member
total entities: 19 members: 12 observers: 5 none: 2 I: 1 II: 0
According to the UNFCCC, Brunei is now a member of the Kyoto Protocol*
References
^ Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification (pdf). Retrieved on October 12, 2006.
^ Status of Ratification. UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol Background . Retrieved on May 8, 2007.
^ As per Kyoto protocol annex B [1]
^ a b Cyprus and Malta become EU members after the signature of the Kyoto protocol, but have not yet changed their status to become annex I/II/B states and thus have no commitment for emissions reduction. However, as EU members they are obliged to participate in the EU ETS
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The EU15 has a total aggregate figure -8% for reduction; emissions will be pooled among member states trough internal EU reduction assignments mentioned in the brackets (thus increases in some member states are compensated by bigger reductions in others). The 12 member states that entered the union later - in 2004 and 2007 retain their individual Kyoto targets ranging from none for non-annex Cyprus and Malta to -8%. [2]
^ a b c d e f g h increase allowed
^ The EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC on their own.
^ a b c d e Neither reduction required, nor increase allowed - emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
^ a b c d e f For some reason despite being annex-I states some countries' emissions are not calculated into the total percentage for entry into force of the Kyoto protocol.
^ New Zealand's territories of the Cook Islands and Niue are also members of the UNFCCC on their own.
^ a b Annex I countries that were not parties to the UNFCCC at the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol have no reduction targets assigned.
^ Kazakhstan has declared that it wants to become annex I state after its ratification of the protocol. Its reduction target under annex B is thus not yet determined.
^ At the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol Kazakhstan was not annex I state, that's why its emissions are not calculated in the figure for the ratification.
^ To be determined when Kazakhstan becomes annex I state
^ Turkey was removed from the annex II list in 2001 at its request its economy to be recognised as a transition one