Texas Red

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    Texas Red (TR) is a red fluorescent dye, with a molecular weight of 625 daltons, used in histology for staining cell specimens, for sorting cells with fluorescent-activated cell sorting machines, in fluorescence microscopy applications, and in immunohistochemistry.

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    Texas Red fluoresces at about 615 nm, and the peak of its absorption spectrum is at 589 nm, making it more purple than red, actually. The powder is dark purple. Solutions can be excited by a dye laser tuned to 595-605 nm, or less efficiently a krypton laser at 567 nm. The absorption extinction coefficient at 596 nm is about 85,000 M^-1cm^-1.

    The compound is usually a mixture of two monosulfonyl chlorides, i.e. as pictured, or with the SO₃ and SO₂Cl groups exchanged. It can be used as a marker of proteins, with which it easily forms conjugates via the sulfonyl chloride (SO₂Cl) group. In water, the sulfonyl chloride group of unreacted Texas Red molecules hydrolyses to sulfonate and the molecule becomes the very water soluble sulforhodamine 101 which is easy to wash out selectively. This is one of the advantages of conjugating with Texas Red vs. using a rhodamine-isothiocyanate for conjugation.

    A protein with the Texas Red chromophore attached can then itself act as a fluorescent labelling agent; an antibody with a fluorescent marker attached will bind to a specific antigen and then show the location of the antigens as shining spots when irradiated. It is relatively bright, and therefore can be used to detect even weakly expressed antigens. Other molecules can be labeled by Texas Red as well, eg. various toxins. The dye dissolves very well in water as well as other polar solvents, e.g. Dimethylformamide, acetonitrile.

    Texas Red, attached to a strand of DNA or RNA, can be used as a molecular beacon for highlighting specific sequences of DNA. Texas Red can be linked with another fluorophore. A tandem conjugate of Texas Red with R-phycoerythrin (PE-Texas Red) is often used.

    Fluorophores, like Texas Red, are commonly used in molecular biology techniques like quantitative RT-PCR and cellular assays.