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Corundum



Corundum

General
CategoryMineral
Chemical formulaaluminium oxide, Al2O3
Identification
ColorBrown to gray, less often red, blue, white,or yellow.
Crystal habitSteep bipyramidal, tabular, prismatic, rhombohedral crystals, massive or granular
Crystal systemTrigonal Hexagonal Scalenohedral bar32/m
TwinningPolysynthetic twinning common
CleavageNone - parting in 3 directions
FractureConchoidal to uneven
Mohs Scale hardness9
LusterAdamantine to vitreous
Refractive indexnω=1.768 - 1.772 nε=1.760 - 1.763, Biref 0.009
PleochroismNone
StreakWhite
Specific gravity3.95-4.1
FusibilityInfusible
SolubilityInsoluble
Major varieties
SapphireAny color except red
RubyRed
EmeryGranular

Corundum (from Tamil kurundam) is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide and one of the rock-forming minerals. It is naturally clear, but can have different colors when impurities are present. Transparent specimens are used as gems, called ruby if red, padparadscha if pinkish-orange, while all other colors are called sapphire. In addition to its hardness, corundum is unusual for its high density of 4.02 g/cm³ which is very high for a transparent mineral composed of the low atomic mass elements aluminium and oxygen.

Due to corundum's hardness (pure corundum is defined to have 9.0 Mohs). It can scratch almost every other mineral, and when it does, its streak is white on the other mineral. It is commonly used as an abrasive from sandpaper to large machines for machining metals, plastics and wood. Some emery is a mix of corundum and other substances, and the mix is less abrasive, with a lower average Mohs hardness near 8.0.

Corundum occurs as a mineral in mica schist, gneiss, and some marbles in metamorphic terranes. It also occurs in low silica igneous syenite and nepheline syenite intrusives. Other occurrences are as masses adjacent to ultramafic intrusives, associated with lamprophyre dikes and as large crystals in pegmatites. Because of its hardness and resistance to weathering, it commonly occurs as a detrital mineral in stream and beach sands.

Corundum for abrasives is mined in Zimbabwe, Russia, and India. Historically it was mined from deposits associated with dunites in North Carolina and from a nepheline syenite in Craigmont, Ontario. Emery grade corundum is found on the Greek island of Naxos and near Peekskill, New York. Abrasive corundum is synthetically manufactured from bauxite.

Synthetic corundum

In 1837 Gaudin made the first synthetic rubies by fusing alumina at a high temperature with a little chromium as a pigment. In 1847 Edelman made white sapphire by fusing alumina in boric acid. In 1877 Frenic and Freil made crystal corundum from which small stones could be cut. Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by fusing BaF2 and Al2O3 with a little Chromium at temperatures above 2000°C. In 1903 Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this flame fusion process. [1]

The Verneuil process allows the production of flawless single-crystal sapphire, rubies and other corundum gems of much larger size than normally found in nature. It is also possible to grow gem-quality synthetic corundum by flux-growth and hydrothermal synthesis. Because of the simplicity of the methods involved in corundum synthesis, large quantities of these crystals have become available on the market causing a significant reduction of price in recent years. Apart from ornamental uses, synthetic corundum is also used to produce mechanical parts (tubes, rods, bearings, and other machined parts), scratch-resistant watch crystals and windows for optical equipment, spacecraft and lasers.

References

  1. ^ Bahadur: a Handbook of Precious Stones (1943). Retrieved on 2007-08-19.
  • Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, pp. 300-302 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  • Mindat
  • Webmineral data
  • Mineral galleries

See also

 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Corundum". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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