List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the IARC as Group 2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
Further details can be found in the IARC Monographs.
Additional recommended knowledge
Agents and groups of agents
A-a-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acifluorfen
Acrylonitrile
Adapalene
AF-2 (2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide)
Aflatoxin M1
para-Aminoazobenzene
ortho-Aminoazotoluene
2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole
Amsacrine
ortho-Anisidine
Antimony trioxide
Aramite®
Auramine (technical-grade)
Azaserine
Aziridine
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[j]fluoranthene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Benzofuran
Benzyl violet 4B
2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol
Bleomycins
Bracken fern
Bromodichloromethane
Butylated hydroxyanisole
b-Butyrolactone
Caffeic acid
Carbon black
Carbon tetrachloride
Catechol
Chlordane
Chlordecone (Kepone)
Chlorendic acid
para-Chloroaniline
3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
Chloroform
1-Chloro-2-methylpropene
Chlorophenoxy herbicides
4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine
Chloroprene
Chlorothalonil
CI Acid Red 114
CI Basic Red 9
CI Direct Blue 15
Citrus Red No. 2
Cobalt and cobalt compounds 1
Cobalt sulfate and other soluble cobalt(II) salts
para-Cresidine
Cycasin
Dacarbazine
Dantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)
Daunomycin
DDT (p,p'-DDT)
N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine
2,4-Diaminoanisole
4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether
2,4-Diaminotoluene
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
Dibenz[a,j]acridine
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol
Dichloroacetic acid
para-Dichlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether
1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
1,3-Dichloropropene (technical-grade)
Dichlorvos
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
Diglycidyl resorcinol ether
Dihydrosafrole
Diisopropyl sulfate
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-Dianisidine)
para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole
2,6-Xylidine (2,6-Dimethylaniline)
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (ortho-Tolidine)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene
3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene
1,6-Dinitropyrene
1,8-Dinitropyrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
1,4-Dioxane
Disperse Blue 1
1,2-Epoxybutane
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dichloride
Ethyl methanesulfonate
Foreign bodies, implanted in tissues
Polymeric, prepared as thin smooth films (with the exception of poly(glycolic acid))
Metallic, prepared as thin smooth films
Metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron
2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole
Fumonisin B1
Furan
Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole)
Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole)
Glycidaldehyde
Griseofulvin
HC Blue No. 1
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachloroethane
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with)
Human papillomaviruses: some types other than 16, 18, 31 and 33
Hydrazine
1-Hydroxyanthraquinone
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
Iron-dextran complex
Isoprene
Lasiocarpine
Lead
Magenta
Magnetic fields (extremely low-frequency)
MeA-a-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline)
MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline)
Merphalan
2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine)
Methylazoxymethanol acetate
5-Methylchrysene
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
Methylmercury compounds 1
2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone (uncertain purity)
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane
Methylthiouracil
Metronidazole
Mirex
Mitomycin C
Mitoxantrone
Monocrotaline
5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone
Nafenopin
Naphthalene
Nickel , metallic and alloys
Niridazole
Nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts 1
5-Nitroacenaphthene
2-Nitroanisole
Nitrobenzene
6-Nitrochrysene
Nitrofen (technical-grade)
2-Nitrofluorene
1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone
N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide
Nitromethane
2-Nitropropane
1-Nitropyrene
4-Nitropyrene
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine
3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
N-Nitrosopiperidine
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
N-Nitrososarcosine
Ochratoxin A
Oestrogen-progestogen therapy, postmenopausal
Oil Orange SS
Oxazepam
Palygorskite (attapulgite) (long fibres, >5 µm)
Panfuran S (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride
Phenobarbital
Phenolphthalein
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
Phenyl glycidyl ether
Phenytoin
PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine)
Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts (mixed exposures)
Ponceau MX
Ponceau 3R
Potassium bromate
Progestins
Progestogen-only contraceptives
1,3-Propane sultone
b-Propiolactone
Propylene oxide
Propylthiouracil
Refractory ceramic fibres
Riddelliine
Safrole
Schistosoma japonicum (infection with)
Sodium ortho-phenylphenate
Special-purpose fibres such as E-glass and '475' glass fibres
Sterigmatocystin
Streptozotocin
Styrene
Sulfallate
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetranitromethane
Thioacetamide
4,4'-Thiodianiline
Thiouracil
Titanium dioxide
Toluene diisocyanates
Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride)
Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)
Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)
Trypan blue
Uracil mustard
Urethane
Vanadium pentoxide
Vinyl acetate
4-Vinylcyclohexene
4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide
Zalcitabine
Zidovudine (AZT)
Mixtures
Bitumens , extracts of steam-refined and air-refined
Carrageenan , degraded
Chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length C12 and average degree of chlorination approximately 60%
Coffee (urinary bladder) 2
Diesel fuel , marine
Engine exhaust, gasoline
Fuel oils, residual (heavy)
Gasoline
Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia)
Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6, 59536-65-1]
Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes)
Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme
Welding fumes
Exposure circumstances
Carpentry and joinery
Cobalt metal without tungsten carbide
Dry cleaning (occupational exposures in)
Printing processes (occupational exposures in)
Textile manufacturing industry (work in)
Notes
Evaluated as a group.
There is some evidence of an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the large bowel; coffee drinking could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity to other organs.