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"Green Chemstry" in the Laboratory
Using mills as efficient and ecologically friendly synthesis reactors
The term "green chemistry" is commonly used to describe chemical procedures which meet specific requirements with regards to the conservation of resources and protection of the environment. The objective is to avoid undesired by-products by selecting adequate reaction procedures and media. A typical example is the production of bio fuel which has become an ecologically friendly alternative for many drivers....
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Particle Analysis: Quality Control of Catalysts with Digital Image Processing
Catalysts are widely used as an important auxiliary material in the chemical and petrochemical industry. They are able to accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, i.e. they change reaction kinetics. Thus, using catalysts in industrial processes has the advantage of higher productivity combined with less energy consumption....
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Polyolefins: Determination of Molecular Weight and Branching Structure by GPC/SEC
Polyethylene and Polypropylene are so-called Polyolefins. They are produced in large amounts every year. Depending on the process and catalyst used linear or branched polymers can be produced. In case of e. g. Polyethylene there are at least three polymer types: HDPE (High Density Polytheylene), LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) and LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polytehylene). HDPE and LLDPE are made of linear or only slightly branched macromolecules with a high level of crystallinity. They form a dense structure in the final product. LDPE is made of highly branched molecules that form a final structure with low density due to a low degree of crystallinity....
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Sensible and self-monitoring
Online process for soft water control
For the generation of soft water are mostly used ion exchanging devices with generation of sodium chloride since the beginning of the Sixties. The generated soft water quality and soft water quantity are depending thereby on the static and dynamic characteristics of the softening plant in operation....
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