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Gröger & Obst Analyzers for Simultaneous Measurement of TOC and VOC
Options for the Modification of TOC Standard Equipment
To determine the degree of organic pollution of waste water, labs prefer the kind of analytical test methods that yield useful results without being costly or demand the use of large-scale equipment. To achieve this end, labs employ methods that are sensitive to the oxidizing capability of all organic matter and record the so-called sum parameters (e.g. TC, TOC, DOC, TIC and VOC). These parameters are instrumental in water analysis and likewise in the determination of solutes and the physicochemical variables....
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UV/Vis/NIR Spectrometry for the Film Thickness Determination of Transparent Films and Layers
Within nearly all branches of industry we find products, which are coated with thin transparent layers to improve the surface features: Window sheet glasses obtain changes in reflection and absorption behavior, ceramics are treated with coatings to lower water adhesion, coatings on metals create corrosion resistance or better sliding factors. Transparent coatings play also a major role in the semiconductor business. One of the important features to be determined and controlled is the thickness of the layers to balance performance and material input during development and production...
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The Determination of Hazardous Substances According to RoHS and WEEE Directives
1st July 2006 is an important deadline for the electro- and electronics industries. This date bans hazardous substances like lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers from electro- and electronic equipment. This restriction, even though in discussion since 1991, has become more and more important from year to year because of tons of electronic waste releasing toxic substances which are accumulated in the environment, the food chain and all human beings. In order to enforce the substances ban and the limitation or substitution of hazardous components, elemental analysis is obviously the most important control measure for monitoring limiting values. This requires precise analytical systems such as X-ray fluorescence, ICP- and atomic absorption spectrometers. These instruments are able to detect trace concentrations of hazardous compounds - for example cadmium, using an atomic absorption spectrometer in the flame atomization mode up to 0.1 mg/L, or using the di...
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Good Reasons to Use ATR Libraries
Transmission spectroscopy was the only method in general use until the early 1960s. The first applications of attenuated total reflection (ATR) or internal reflection spectroscopy were reported independently by Fahrenfort and Harrick. Especially macromolecular materials (rubbers, fibers, fabrics, coatings, laminates etc), which often failed to yield useful transmittance spectra, became accessible for infrared spectroscopic investigations by the ATR technique. Meanwhile, the ATR technique has been proven to be an extremely useful technique for material analysis and has become more widely used for all but gaseous samples....
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