My watch list
my.chemeurope.com  
Login  

CD28




CD28 molecule
Structure of human CD28.
Available structures: 1yjd
Identifiers
Symbol(s) CD28; MGC138290; Tp44
External IDs OMIM: 186760 MGI: 88327 Homologene: 4473
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 940 12487
Ensembl ENSG00000178562 ENSMUSG00000026012
Uniprot P10747 Q5SRG1
Refseq NM_006139 (mRNA)
NP_006130 (protein)
NM_007642 (mRNA)
NP_031668 (protein)
Location Chr 2: 204.28 - 204.31 Mb Chr 1: 60.69 - 60.72 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

CD28 is one of the molecules expressed on T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, which are required for T cell activation. CD28 is the receptor for B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). When activated by Toll-like receptor ligands, the B7.1 expression is upregulated in antigen presenting cells (APCs). The B7.2 expression on antigen presenting cells is constitutive. CD28 is the only B7 receptor constitutively expressed on naive T cells.

Stimulation through CD28 in addition to the TCR can provide a potent co-stimulatory signal to T cells for the production of various interleukins (IL-2 and IL-6 in particular).

Contents

Signalling

CD28 possesses an intracellular domain with several residues that are critical for its effective signalling. The YMNM motif beginning at tyrosine 170 in particular is critical for the recruitment of SH2-domain containing proteins, especially PI3K, Grb2 and Gads. The Y170 residue is important for the induction of Bcl-XL via mTOR and enhancement of IL-2 transcription via PKCθ, but has no effect on proliferation and results a slight reduction in IL-2 production. The N172 residue (as part of the YMNM) is important for the binding of Grb2 and Gads and seems to be able to induce IL-2 mRNA stability but not NF-κB translocation. The induction of NF-κB seems to be much more dependent on the binding of Gads to both the YMNM and the two proline-rich motifs within the molecule. However, mutation of the final amino acid of the motif, M173, which is unable to bind PI3K but is able to bind Grb2 and Gads, gives little NF-κB or IL-2, suggesting that those Grb2 and Gads are unable to compensate for the loss of PI3K . IL-2 transcription appears to have two stages; a Y170-dependent, PI3K-dependent initial phase which allows transcription and a second phase which is dependent on formation of an immune synapse and PI3K-independent which results in enhancement of IL-2 mRNA stability. Both are required for full production of IL-2.

CD28 also contains two proline-rich motifs that it able to bind SH3-containing proteins. Itk and Tec are able to bind to the N-terminal of these two motifs which immediately succeeds the Y170 YMNM; Lck binds the C-terminal. Both Itk and Lck are able to phosphorylate the tyrosine residues which then allow binding of SH2 containing proteins to CD28. Binding of Tec to CD28 enhances IL-2 production, dependent on binding of its SH3 and PH domains to CD28 and PIP3 respectively. The C-terminal proline-rich motif in CD28 is important for bringing Lck and lipid rafts into the immune synapse via filamin-A. Mutation of the two prolines within the C-terminal motif results in reduced proliferation and IL-2 production but normal induction of Bcl-XL.

CD28 as a drug target

The drug TGN1412, which was produced by the German biotech company TeGenero and which unexpectedly caused multiple organ failure in trials, is a superagonist of CD28. The first elucidation of the molecular structure of CD28 was achieved in 2005 by the T-cell biology group at the University of Oxford[1], in complex with the Fab fragment of an antibody provided by TeGenero.[2] Unfortunately it is often ignored that the same receptors also exist on cells other than lymphocytes. CD28 has also been found to stimulate eosinophil granulocytes where its ligation with anti-CD28 leads to the release of IL-2, IL4, IL-13 and IFN-γ. [3][4]

References

  1. ^ http://www.t-cellbiology.org
  2. ^ http://www.tegenero.com/documents/pr_tegenero_mar_15.pdf
  3. ^ Woerly G, Roger N, Loiseau S, Dombrowicz D, Capron A, Capron M (1999). "Expression of CD28 and CD86 by human eosinophils and role in the secretion of type 1 cytokines (interleukin 2 and interferon gamma): inhibition by immunoglobulin a complexes". J Exp Med 190 (4): 487-95. PMID 10449520.
  4. ^ Woerly G, Lacy P, Younes A, Roger N, Loiseau S, Moqbel R, Capron M (2002). "Human eosinophils express and release IL-13 following CD28-dependent activation". J Leukoc Biol 72 (4): 769-79. PMID 12377947.

See also

Further reading

  • Linsley PS, Ledbetter JA (1993). "The role of the CD28 receptor during T cell responses to antigen.". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11: 191-212. doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.001203. PMID 8386518.
  • Lenschow DJ, Walunas TL, Bluestone JA (1996). "CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation.". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 233-58. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.233. PMID 8717514.
  • Greenfield EA, Nguyen KA, Kuchroo VK (1998). "CD28/B7 costimulation: a review.". Crit. Rev. Immunol. 18 (5): 389-418. PMID 9784967.
  • Chang TT, Kuchroo VK, Sharpe AH (2002). "Role of the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 pathway in autoimmune disease.". Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 5: 113-30. PMID 11826754.
  • Bour-Jordan H, Blueston JA (2002). "CD28 function: a balance of costimulatory and regulatory signals.". J. Clin. Immunol. 22 (1): 1-7. PMID 11958588.
  • Greenway AL, Holloway G, McPhee DA, et al. (2004). "HIV-1 Nef control of cell signalling molecules: multiple strategies to promote virus replication.". J. Biosci. 28 (3): 323-35. PMID 12734410.
  • Bénichou S, Benmerah A (2003). "[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway]". Med Sci (Paris) 19 (1): 100-6. PMID 12836198.
  • Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL, et al. (2004). "HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef.". Curr. HIV Res. 2 (2): 141-51. PMID 15078178.
  • Anderson JL, Hope TJ (2005). "HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell.". Current HIV/AIDS reports 1 (1): 47-53. PMID 16091223.
  • Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, et al. (2006). "Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.". Cell Res. 15 (11-12): 923-34. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290370. PMID 16354571.
  • Stove V, Verhasselt B (2006). "Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects.". Curr. HIV Res. 4 (1): 57-64. PMID 16454711.
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "CD28". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
Your browser is not current. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE